D.A.R.Y.L.
Promotional movie poster for the film
Directed by	Simon Wincer
Produced by	John Heyman Burtt Harris Gabrielle Kelly
Written by	Allan Scott David Ambrose Jeffrey Ellis
Starring	Barret Oliver Mary Beth Hurt Michael McKean Danny Corkill
Music by	Marvin Hamlisch
Cinematography	Frank Watts
Editing by	Adrian Carr
Distributed by	Paramount Pictures
Release date(s)	United States: June 14, 1985 Australia: January 9, 1986
Running time	99 min.
Country	United States/ United Kingdom
Language	English

index

Iriga City, the City of Springs

Sun, 23 Aug 2009 13:18:12 +0100

Iriga City

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

City of Iriga

Location
Map of Camarines Sur showing the location of Iriga City.
Government
Region	Bicol Region (Region V)
Province	Camarines Sur
District	4th district of Camarines Sur
Barangays	36
Income class	4th class city, partially urban
Mayor	Madelaine Alfelor-Gazmen (LP)
Founded	1683
Cityhood	September 3, 1968
Official Website	www.iriga.gov.ph
Physical characteristics
Area	174 km²
Population
Total	97,983
Density	563/km²
Coordinates	13° 25' 1.2" N, 123° 25' 1.2" E

The City of Iriga (Bikol: Ciudad nin Iriga; Filipino: Lungsod ng Iriga) is a fourth class city in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. It is located about 400 kilometers south of Manila, 37 kilometers south of Naga, and about 61 kilometers north of Legazpi City. It is bounded by the town of Buhi in the east, by the municipalities of Baao, Nabua and Bato in the west, by the province of Albay in the south, and by the municipalities of Ocampo and Sangay in the north.

According to the 2007 census, it has a population of 97,983 people in 17,061 households.

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History

Early History of Camarines Sur

Camarines Sur came out of an original geographic community which covers the present provinces of Albay, Sorsogon, Catanduanes, Masbate, Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte. According to the research conducted by historian Dr. Danilo Gerona, the word Camarines first came into print when Miguel Lopez de Lagaspi’s grandson Captain Juan de Salcedo, with 120 men, launched several expeditions to find and conquer the fabled mining village of Paracale and Mambulao in 1573. The Spaniards identified the area as Camarines referring to the entire stretch of the Bikol River.

After the conquest, on June 4, 1579, Governor-General Francisco de Sande ordered Captain Juan de Guzman to “take the two discalced fathers of the Franciscan Order and bring them to the Bikol River and to any place of that province they wish to go…churches must be built whenever the Fathers indicate, you must inform the Spaniards settled there the presence of the Fathers in the area…”

Further, the Governor-General decreed that the commander of the Spanish conquistadores encamped in the river area should “discuss with the religious present in the place to settle in that province of Bikol and Camarines and in such a site a villa should be raised and gives the name which you may deem appropriate and you should command all the encomenderos of the province to live and build their houses there and not elsewhere…” In response to this decree Villa de Caceres (Naga) was established, which was eventually elevated into an Ayuntamiento or city.

Nueva Caceres served as the civil and ecclesiastical center as other encomiendas were established within the river basin. Among those first established were Milanit (Milaor), Guas (Goa), Magarao, Minalva (Minalabac), Carvanga (Calabanga), Aliman (Libmanan), Lagonoy, Nabua, Bula, and Buy (Buhi)

Early Settlement in Iriga

Iriga, from a phrase in the language “I raga” which means there is land, grew from the settlement by the bank of the Bikol River called Bua (Nabua), who were looking for higher grounds due to the perennial and disastrous flooding of the town during the rainy season.

Bua was a low marshy terrain easily flooded during the rainy season. Because of this some people including some farmers, upon the advice Father Felix de Huertas, then parish priest of Nubua, moved to I-raga where they can plant their crops without fears of being flooded.

Taking the advice of the priest, people left Bua and settled to a higher land located at the foot of Sumagang , a mountain east of Bua. The foot of the mountain had large tracts of land available for cultivation suitable for settlement and unlike Bua; it does not suffer from severe flooding during the torrential rainy season. The settlement was then called Iraga, which means “there is land” in the local language.

Pacification And Conversion

The Franciscan friars, who set foot in the Bikol peninsula, saw in the new land a good ground for evangelization. As evangelization by the Franciscan friars progressed, Iraga developed in size and wealth. Soon therefore, foundation work had been laid down by proclaiming it a visita of Nabua. More and more people from Nabua came to Iraga to settle.

As population spread out and evangelization progressed, the settlement at the foot of Sumagang Mountain developed in size and wealth, slowly pushing the Agtas up to the thickness of the forests. And in 1578 the I-raga settlement was established as visita of Nabua and a church made of wood was constructed. Saint Anthony of Padua was the patron saint of the parish with Father Pedro de Jesus and Father Bartolome Ruiz serving as its religious heads. In 1583, five years after church was constructed, Agta warriors razed the church to the ground. A second one was constructed but it too was destroyed by a typhoon and razed to ashes again by fire.

January 4, 1641, Sumagang erupted, forming gully on Buhi side of the mountain leading to a steep ravine which is the crater of the volcano. According to stories, the Nuestra Senora de Angustia appeared at Inorogan and through miracle saved the Irigeños from the terrible eruption.

In 1682, with a population of 8,909, I-raga was converted into Pueblo de la Provincia de Ambos Camarines. Later on, the Spanish authorities changed the name from I-raga to Iriga and In 1710 Don Bonifacio de los Angeles organized the first four barrios of Iriga - San Agustin, San Isidro, San Nicolas and San Antonio Abad.

In 1727 after the second churched was destroyed, a new church was built, unfortunately it too was destroyed in a fire in 1841. Finally, shortly after the last church was destroyed, Fray Tomas de Alfafara finally led the construction of a new parish church, together with its two belfries made of bricks and stones. It was later on repaired in 1866, and in 1892 the tower was rebuilt with wood and iron.

In 1823, in the Memorias de la Provincia de Ambos Camarines shows that the number of Barangay in “pueblo de Iriga” was composed of San Roque, San Francisco de Asis, San Juan Bautista, Sto. Domingo de Guzman, San Miguel Arcangel, San Nicolas de Tolentino, San Agustin, San Antonio Abad, Sto. Nino and Santiago de Galicia with a population of 13,813. There were only four roads mentioned and they were coming from Nabua going to Bato, to Buhi and to Polangui, Albay and there was only one way going to Nueva Caceres (Naga) via Bicol River by boat.

Troubled Times

In 1846, during the term of Don Juan Lomaad, a great famine swept the Bikol area. Prices of rice soared up, the Spanish government ordered people to plant more staple food but it did not do much good as starvation ensued which took many lives.

More than a decade later, in 1857, a cholera epidemic broke out causing the death of thousands of inhabitants. As if that was not enough, an earthquake struck Iriga damaging the town church and several other buildings. In 1871, during the term of Don Lucas Caayao, a new epidemic, this time smallpox, took many lives. Aside from this, in the same year, a swarm of locust destroyed the crops in Iriga causing starvation among its inhabitants.

The Emerging Municipality

In 1902, as part of American colonialist strategy to pacify and attract the Filipinos, the first public school in Iriga, Iriga Central School, was established . In 1913 the Manila Railroad Company Station and the public market was established at its present site . With the establishment of the train station and the public market, Iriga rapidly grew and became the center of trade and commerce in the Rinconada area.

Home to the first bus company in the Philippines

The development of the municipality got another stimulus in July 1914 when Albert L. Ammen, a former American serviceman established the A.L. Ammen Transport Co., Inc (ALATCO). ALATCO with an initial fleet of one converted two-cylinder Grawbosky truck was the first bus company in the Philippines.

Its first route was Iriga-Naga; however, as the venture became more successful, the company expanded its fleet to service the other towns of Camarines Sur, Camarines Norte, Albay and Sorsogon, hence, opening remote villages of Bikol, to the mainstream of economic and social development.

Later on, in 1918 Max L. Blouse, one of ALATCO’s drivers would also start his own transportation company, the Batangas, Laguna, Tayabas Bus Company (BLTB).

The World War II Years

The American colonial period temporarily ended in 1942 when World War II broke out. The Japanese Imperial Army established a garrison at Kalbaryo hill overlooking the city proper. Iriga Central School became a concentration camp; those who could not be accommodated were brought to the Ateneo de Naga.

Like in many other places, Bicolano guerrilla units sprung up in Iriga after the formal American and Philippine colonialist resistance has ended. Mt. Iriga became the base of the resistance attracting recruits not only from Iriga but even as far as Albay. With the help of the Agtas who were very familiar with the terrain, the Japanese army could not penetrate the interiors of the mountain.

As a City

With the end of the Japanese occupation in May 15, 1945, the Japanese Imperial forces surrendered to the Philippine Commonwealth troops and Bicolano guerrillas in Iriga, the Iriga Central Business District was reopened and rehabilitation began. In 1948, the first college in Iriga City, the Mabini Memorial College (now University of Northeastern Philippines or UNEP) was established by Atty. Felix O. Alfelor. A year later, Dr. Santiago G. Ortega would also establish the Saint Anthony College (now University of Saint Anthony or USANT).

The establishment of these centers for higher learning, including the La Consolacion Academy further spurred the growth and development of the municipality as it attracts students from all over the region.

In 1960s, Iriga saw tremendous economic and social progress. On July 8, 1968, the municipality was converted into a city through Republic Act 5261. However, it was only on September 3 of the same year that the City was formally organized and inaugurated as the third city of the Bikol Region by then President Ferdinand Marcos.

Barangays

Iriga City is politically subdivided into 36 barangays.

Antipolo
AlexPanoy
Cristo Rey
Del Rosario (Banao)
Francia
La Anunciacion
La Medalla
La Purisima
La Trinidad
Niño Jesus
Perpetual Help
Sagrada
Salvacion

San Agustin
San Andres
San Antonio
San Francisco (Pob.)
San Isidro
San Jose
San Juan
San Miguel
San Nicolas
San Pedro
San Rafael
San Ramon

San Roque (Pob.)
San Vicente Norte
San Vicente Sur
Santa Cruz Norte
Santa Cruz Sur
Santa Elena
Santa Isabel
Santa Maria
Santa Teresita
Santiago
Santo Domingo
Santo Niño

External links

University of Saint Anthony

[show] v • d • e Component local government units of Camarines Sur

Camarines Sur

Sun, 23 Aug 2009 13:15:48 +0100

Camarines Sur

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to: navigation, search

Province of Camarines Sur
Provincial seal of Camarines Sur
Map of the Philippines with Camarines Sur highlighted
Region	Bicol Region (Region V)
Capital	Pili
Divisions
- Independent cities	1
- Component cities	1
- Municipalities	35
- Barangays	1,035 including independent cities: 1,062
- Congressional districts	1st to 4th districts of Camarines Sur (shared with Naga City)
Population
- Total (2007)	1,533,305 (16th out of 80) including independent cities: 1,693,821 (15th out of 80)
- Density	285.0/km² (20th out of 80) including independent cities: 309.9/km² (21st out of 80)
Area
- Total	5,380.8 km² (19th out of 80) including independent cities: 5,465.3 km² (19th out of 80)
Founded	—
Spoken languages	Central Bicolano, Iriga Bicolano, Albay Bicolano, Tagalog, Mt. Isarog Agta, and Mt. Iriga Agta
Governor	Luis Raymond F. Villafuerte, Jr. (Lakas-CMD)

Camarines Sur is a province of the Philippines located in the Bicol Region in Luzon. Its capital is Pili and the province borders Camarines Norte and Quezon to the north, and Albay to the south. To the east lies the island province of Catanduanes across Maqueda Channel.

Camarines Sur is the largest among the six provinces in the Bicol Region both in terms of population and land area. Its territory encompasses two cities: Naga City, the lone chartered city, is the province's and the region's commercial, educational, financial, and cultural center, while Iriga City, a component city, is the center of the Rinconada area. Lake Buhi is where the smallest commercially-harvested fish can be found, the Sinarapan (Mistichthys luzonensis).

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People and culture

Population. According to the May 2000 census, there is a total of 1,693,821 residents in Camarines Sur, making it the most populous in the region and the 15th most populous in the whole country. The same census also states that Camarines Sur has 288,172 households with an average household size of 5.37 persons, significantly higher than the national average of 4.99. The annual growth rate is 1.86%, much lower than the national growth rate of 2.36%. This rate of growth will double the population of Camarines Sur in 38 years.

Languages. Being in the Bicol Region, the main language spoken in Camarines Sur is Bikol. Filipino linguists consider the dialect of Bikol spoken around Naga City, Bicol Central, the standard Bikol easily understood by all Bicolanos, also known as Bikol Naga, not to be confused with Bikol Canaman, the purest dialect of Bikol according to Jesuit Anthropologist Frank Lynch, S.J.). Some of the other dialects spoken in the province are Buhi-non (a dialect of Bicol Albay), spoken in the southern part of the province around Lake Buhi, and Rinconada Bikol (also known as Bikol Nabua), which is used in the area around Nabua. A dialect of Naga Bikol, called Partido is used in the eastern portion of the province around Lagonoy Gulf. Most inhabitants understand Tagalog and English.

History

Known centuries ago as the Tierra de Camarines, the province is distinctly Spanish-founded settlement. Its name having been derived from "camaronchones" or "camarines", a Spanish word for "kamalig" referring to small nipa or bamboo-made huts by the natives.

In 1574, Governor General Guido de Lavezarez referred Camarines Sur to the King of Spain as Los Camarines, after the abundance of camarins-rice granaries - which were conspicuous features of the area.

Spanish colonizers later subjugated its people and denominated the area into two distinct aggrupations. The southern portion comprising the area south of the present town of Camalig (in Albay), Sorsogon, the islands of Masbate and Catanduanes, and the area, which is now Partido in present day, then called “Partido de Ibalon”. The northern, upper portion, which included from the present day Camalig town in Albay, and all towns of Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte, was called “Partido de Camarines”.

Partido de Camarines was partitioned into Camarines Sur and Camarines Norte in 1829, and thereafter underwent fusion, annexations and re-partitions until March 19, 1919 when two provinces, jointly called Ambos Camarines, were finally separated with their present boundaries by decree of the First Philippine Legislature.

The Philippine Revolution started in Ambos Camarines when Elias Angeles and Feliz Plazo, Filipino corporals in the Spanish Army, sided with revolutionist and fought the local Spanish forces on September 17, 1898. Governor Vicente Zaidin capitulated to the revolutionist on the following day. With the arrival of General Vicente Lukban, the revolutionary government in the Bicol Region was established.

The American forces occupied the Bicol Peninsula in January 1900. In March of the same year. General John M. Bell was made the military governor of the southeastern Luzon. Civil government was finally established in Ambos Camarines in April 1901.

In 1942, Japanese forces entered and occupied Camarines Sur.

At the outbreak of World War II. Guerilla units were organized by Wenceslao Q. Vinzons that waged underground operations against the Japanese troops stationed in Camarines Sur. After the capture of Vinzons on July 8, 1942, the guerilla movement was carried on by Lieutenant Francisco Boayes. In April 1945, Camarines Sur was finally liberated from the Japanese invaders against the combined Filipino and American troops in 1945.

On March 8, 1942, three months after Japanese Imperial Forces landed in Legazpi and Naga City, the famous Tangcong Vaca Guerilla Unit (TVGU) was organized in San Nicolas, Canaman with Juan Miranda as the Commanding Officer, Leon Aureus as the Executive Officer and Elias Madrid as the Finance Officer. Among the numerous Canamanons who joined-up soon afterwards either in the unit’s intelligence or combat components were Jose and Antonio Madrid, Mamerto Sibulo, Andres Fortaleza, Marcos Severo, Damaso Avenilla, Federico Crescini, Nicolas Vargas, Venancio Begino, Eugenio Ragodon, Juan Pachica, Santiago Amaro, Jose Gervas, Pedro Angeles, Aproniano Lopez, Andres Alzate, Modesto Sanchez, Blas Alcantara, Andres Aguilar, Florencio Frondozo, Alfredo de la Torre and Flaviano Estrada.

In 1945, Filipino and American troops along with the Bicolano guerrillas, liberated Camarines Sur from the Japanese forces towards the end of WW II.

Naga City, the former capital of Camarines Sur, was founded in 1573 as “Nueva Caceres” – namesake of the Province in Spain and among the original five royal cities of the colony. It was designated as the Province’s Capital by virtue of Philippine Legislative Act No. 2711 approved on March 10, 1917 until June 6, 1955, when Pili, the adjoining town was declared the Provincial Capital by virtue of Republic Act 1336 up to the present time

History of the Capitol

The Old Capitol Building

The New Capitol Building

The Provincial Legislative Building

Camarines Sur Convention Center

Camarines Sur has also undergone more than a few facelifts, more reborn perhaps for the better.

A century ago, the seat of the provincial government was situated in downtown Naga, housed in a building of adobe and cement. For several years, the edifice was the center for government activities and transaction in the provincial sector. It continued to witness changes and transitions in the rules and implementations caused by the shifting of one administration to another. This scenario, however, was not as stable as the structure seemed to be as a great transformation in the structure of political subdivisions would later on to take its pace.

December 15, 1948 marked a memorable date for both Naga and Camarines Sur with the former exulting over its proclamation as a chartered city as embodied in Republic Act (RA) 305. It was also a significant event for the province as it was perhaps the beginning of what would later be the long travail of the province in its search for a new site for the Provincial Capitol building.

With Naga as a chartered city, high standing officials of the province had eventually expressed the need for a new location of the seat of the provincial government.

Governor Juan F. Trivi o, who assumed office in 1952, initiated the first move to transfer the Provincial Capitol and started the creation of the Provincial Capitol Complex. The Municipality of Pili, 15 kilometers south of Naga City was the chosen ground.

In 1955, Republic Act 1336 known as An Act Transferring the Site of the Provincial Capitol of the Province of Camarines Sur from the city of Naga to the barrio of Palestina, Municipality of Pili in the same Province was passed seeking for the transfer of the Provincial Capitol building. It was duly approved on the 16th of June on the same year.

The plan being made public, several individuals expressed their desire in donating a lot for the new location of the Provincial Capitol building. The first offer was a 16 hectare lot in Barangay Palestina in Pili from Roberto Soler. All things were set except for the fund in financing the expenses in the construction of the new edifice. The national government at that time could not aid to the province because of other priorities.

Then Soler, for the failure of the government to begin its construction within two years as stipulated in the contract, cancelled his donation.

It was under the administration of Governor Maleniza that another resolution was approved. Republic Act 3407 came into existence, creating the provision which gave authority to the President of the Philippines in selecting the new Capitol site to be recommended by a committee.

The committee proved to be of great help. In 1962, 3 possible sites were considered upon including: the Hacienda Marasigan at Brgy. San Jose, a lot within the Poblacion, and an area along the Anayan-Partido road.

The selection was already left to the discretion of the president of the Philippines and by virtue of Executive Order(EO) 41 issued by then President Diosdado Macapagal on June 16, 1953, the 67-hectare Hacienda Marasigan was declared as the new site for the Provincial Capitol.

In 1964, eleven years after the declaration, the groundbreaking ceremonies and laying of cornerstone were held, graced by then President Macapagal.

A year later, the construction for the building was started. All could have gone well but on the same year for the beginning of the construction, a case had been filed in court questioning the validity of the construction. Because of the case and the reluctance of Governor Armando Cledera to resume the Capitol construction due to lack of funds, the provincial government's objective in building the new site for Capitol was temporarily put to a halt.

In 1968, then Mayor Jose B. Velarde of Pili had the Municipal Board passed a resolution which sought the gradual transfer of all the provincial government offices to the Capital town which was already Pili. The same decree also asked for the transfer of the Capitol site from the Marasigan lot to a site within the Poblacion or at Barangay Anayan but the move consequently caused the Marasigan family to decide not to donate their lot to the provincial government.

The Capitol Site Selection Committee was then organized. Six possible sites were deliberated upon. These six included: the Marcos Stadium(now the Freedom Stadium), a 4-hectare lot fronting the Marcos Stadium, Cadang-Cadang Area, Marasigan Site, Pawili-Anayan Junction and lastly the Don Susano Rodriguez donation of a 15 hectare lot. The committee finally voted upon the last site.

It was during the term of former President Ferdinand Marcos when Executive Order (EO) No. 48 was issued, designating the site of the New Provincial Capitol. But before the commencement of the construction for the new Capitol site, on June 26, 1976, tragedy struck, a big fire torched the Provincial Capitol building, including important papers and public documents of the province. But also as a result, the construction of the Capitol building was hastened, a contract was signed by the Bensia Construction of Naga City, a 3-storey building with reinforced concrete, with twin RIB and corrugated galvanized iron roofing on steel and wooden roof framing came into completion. The Provincial Capitol measured 3, 528.18 square meters.

In addition, satellite buildings of the Regional Trial Court branches, Provincial Nutrition Center, the Post Office and the Kadiwa were also built.The 700-km access road from the Maharlika Highway was concreted.

And with such beginnings the present Provincial Capitol Complex was founded, now with its impressive expanse of buildings and scenic spots which qualify it as tourist spot, the Province can do well to be proud.

Governors

No.	Name	Gubernatorial Terms
1	Shake Magat	1901
2	Hon. Juan Pimentel	1903-1906
3	Hon. Mariano Abella	1906-1909
4	Hon. Mariano Perfecto	1910-1912
5	Hon. Mariano Fuentebella	1912-1916
6	Hon. Jose Fuentebella	1916
7	Hon. Manuel Crescini	1916-1918
8	Hon. Andres Garchitorena	1919
9	Hon. Julian Ocampo	1919-1922
10	Hon. Manuel Crescini	1922-1928
11	Hon. Ramon Felipe	1928-1934
12	Hon. Julian Ocampo	1934-1935
13	Hon. Gerardo Cea	1935-1936
14	Hon. Gabriel Prieto	1936-1937
15	Hon. Mariano Del Gallego	1938-1941
16	Hon. Ramon Imperial	1941-1942
17	Hon. Mariano Villafuerte	1942-1943
18	Vacant	1943-1945
19	Hon. Mariano Garchitorena	1945
20	Hon. Gabriel Prieto	1946-1947
21	Hon. Jose Del Gallego	1947-1951
22	Hon. Juan Triviño	1952-1959
23	Hon. Apolonio Maleniza	1960-1967
24	Hon. Armando Cledera	1968-1971
25	Hon. Felix Alfelor	1972-1976
26	Hon. Felix Fuentebella	1976-1986
27	Hon. Luis Villafuerte	1986-1992
28	Hon. Jose Bulaong	1992-1995
29	Hon. Luis Villafuerte	1995-1998
30	Hon. Luis Villafuerte	1998-2001
31	Hon. Luis Villafuerte	2001-2004
32	Hon. Luis Raymond Villafuerte Jr	2004-2007
33	Hon. Luis Raymond Villafuerte Jr.	2008-Present

Economy

Agri-based, producing rice, corn, feedmeal, freshwater fish, livestock. Entrepreneurs engage in trading, often branching out towards neighboring provinces in the south as local demand might be limited, indicated by its mostly 3rd-5th income class municipalities.

Geography and climate

Terrain

Camarines Sur lies at the center of the Bicol Peninsula. The province is also the largest in the Bicol Region with a land area of 5,266.8 square kilometers. At the center of the province is Bicol Plain. Surrounding it are mountains, two of which are Mount Isarog and Mount Iriga. The eastern part of the province lies on the mountainous Caramoan Peninsula, which faces the island of Catanduanes to the east.

The Bicol River drains the central and southern parts of the province into San Miguel Bay. Mt. Asog is surrounded by three lakes: Buhi, Bato, and Baao.

Climate

The climate in Camarines Sur, like most of the rest of the country, is very tropical. It is dry from March to May and wet the rest of the year Annual average rainfall is 2,565 millimeters. Camarines Sur has an average temperature of 27.0 °C and a relative humidity of 25.8%.

Tourist Attractions

For religious tourism- Our Lady of Peñafrancia Church in Naga, 19th century churches in Goa, San Jose and Sagñay. For eco-tourism The world's smallest fish is found in Lake Buhi. There are two active (or considered dormant) volcanoes with trails: Mt. Isarog and Mt. Asog. The beaches of Sagñay and Caramoan have coral reefs, and white and black sand beaches. Naga city has night life and metropolitan needs.

The Camarines Sur Watersports Complex and the Eco Village at the Provincial Capitol located at Cadlan Pili Camarines Sur are very suitable destinations. We also have some hidden wonders of nature. We have the Concocep Falls(entrance in Hanawan, Ocampo),We have also INARIHAN in Carolina,.. In Naga City is a lot of good places to visit like the Magsaysay Strip, Different Historical Churches and Shrines, the Penafrancia Festival, etc. In Pasacao there are a lot of beaches and resorts, in Libmanan is the Malinaw Nature Resort and Brgy. Palong's water source at the base of Mt. LIbmanan(Tangkumbaka)

Restaurants Range from First Class Cuisine, Vegetarian Organic (green Earth Cafe), Ihaw-Ihaw, Fast Food Chains, and a variety of Local Delicacies.

Political

Camarines Sur is subdivided into 35 municipalities and 2 cities.

City/Municipality	No. of Barangays	Area (km²)	Population (2007)	Mayor (2007-2010)
Baao	30	143.05	52,466	Quirino Boncayao Jr.
Balatan	17	63.720	25,982	Nena B. Borja
Bato	33	98.720	44,437	Jeanette Bernaldez
Bombon	8	44.20	14,083	Ma. Luisa D. Angeles
Buhi	38	191.79	70,756	Rey P. Lacoste
Bula	33	151.25	62,024	Benjamin S. Decena
Cabusao	9	46.81	17,599	Norberto U. Genova
Calabanga	48	163.84	73,333	Evelyn S. Yu
Camaligan	13	13.00	20,758	Rolando C. Eduardo
Canaman	24	27.41	31,583	Emmanuel S. Requejo
Caramoan	49	225.01	40,810	Constantino Cordial, Jr.
Del Gallego	32	286.76	21,272	Bayani B. Veluz
Gainza	8	18.21	9,404	Romeo A. Gontang
Garchitorena	23	218.12	24,825	Solon O.Demetriois, Jr.
Goa	34	210.38	54,035	Antero S. Lim
Iriga City	36	119.63	97,983	Madeleine A. Gazmen
Lagonoy	38		46,093	Delfin Pilapil
Libmanan	75	336.20	92,839	Rodolfo A. Jimenez Sr.
Lupi	38	253.12	27,630	Roberto M. Matamorosa
Magarao	15	39.01	22,515	Nelson B. Julia
Milaor	20	23.41	26,452	Roger Flores
Minalabac	25	156.13	43,957	Leovegildo "Gil" D. Basmayor Jr.
Nabua	42	96.23	75,422	Fernando D. Simbulan
Naga City	27	84.48	160,516	Jesse M. Robredo
Ocampo	25	118.33	39,759	Leonilo Sarte
Pamplona	17	80.62	31,895	Gimeno Imperial
Pasacao	19	149.54	41,533	Asuncion Arsenio
Pili	26	122.65	76,496	Alex San Luis
Presentacion	18		20,266	Jaime V. Deleña
Ragay	38	272.35	52,021	Renato E. Aquino
Sagñay	19	108.19	29,082	Roberto A. Briones
San Fernando	22		30,697	Fermin Mabulo
Sipocot	46	211.60	57,861	Theresa B. Dela Peña
Siruma	22	127.43	17,035	Nonito M. Vier
Tigaon	23	91.02	45,509	Arnie Fuentebella
Tinambac	44	314.65	59,125	Ruel T. Velarde

External links

Mayon Volcano

Sun, 23 Aug 2009 13:11:25 +0100

Mayon Volcano

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Mt. Mayon)

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This article may require cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please improve this article if you can. (November 2008)

Mayon Volcano
Mayon Volcano as viewed from Lingñon Hill in Daraga, Albay in December 2006
Elevation	2,463 m (8,081 ft)
Location	Albay, Philippines
Prominence	2,447 m (8,028 ft)
Coordinates	13°15′24″N 123°41′6″E / 13.25667°N 123.685°E / 13.25667; 123.685Coordinates: 13°15′24″N 123°41′6″E / 13.25667°N 123.685°E / 13.25667; 123.685
Type	Stratovolcano
Last eruption	2006
Listing	Ultra

Mayon Volcano, also known as Mount Mayon, is an active stratovolcano in the province of Albay, in the Bicol Region, on the island of Luzon, in the Philippines.

Renowned as the "Perfect Cone" because of its almost perfectly conical shape, Mayon is situated 15 kilometres northwest of Legazpi City.

A level 2 alert is in force for Mayon because of increased activity in June-July 2009.

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Geomorphology

Mayon is an active stratovolcano. The current cone was formed through pyroclastic and lava flows from past eruptions. Mayon is the most active of the active volcanos in the Philippines, having erupted over 49 times in the past 400 years.

It is located on the eastern side of Luzon, beside the Philippine Trench which is the convergent boundary where the Philippine Sea Plate is driven under the Philippine Mobile Belt. Where a continental plate or belt of continental fragments meets an oceanic plate, the lighter continental material overrides the oceanic plate, forcing it down into the earth's mantle. Magma, formed where the rock melts, may be forced through weaknesses in the continental crust caused by the collision of the tectonic plates. One such exit point is Mayon.

Like other volcanoes located around the rim of the Pacific Ocean, Mayon is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Location and formation

Mayon Volcano in Albay showing its distance from the Albay Gulf

Mayon Volcano is the main landmark of Albay Province, Philippines. It is ten kilometres (6 mi) from the Gulf of Albay,^[1] in the municipalities of Legazpi City, Daraga, Camalig, Guinobatan, Ligao City, Tabaco City, Malilipot, and Santo Domingo (clockwise from Legazpi). It rises 2462 m (8,077 ft) above the gulf.^[2]

Mayon Volcano is the Philippines' most active volcano and is considered to be the world's most perfectly formed volcano^[1] for its symmetrical cone. It is a basaltic-andesitic volcano.^[2] The upper slopes of the volcano are steep averaging 35-40 degrees and are capped by a small summit crater. Its sides are layers of lava and other volcanic material.

Recorded eruptions

Mayon Volcano in the hemp-producing district of Luzon as depicted in history and conquest of the Philippines and our other island possessions; embracing our war with the Filipinos by Alden March, published in 1899. Caption (cropped out) read: "This is said to be the most beautiful volcano in the world. It is 8,223 feet high, its shape is a perfect cone and its crest is always fiery. It has indulged in several destructive eruptions. In 1814 many houses were destroyed and 2500 people were killed and wounded. At its base are famous springs of great medicinal value".

Mayon has had forty-nine eruptions in recorded history. The first recorded eruption was in 1616, the last major eruption ceased on 1 October 2006, ^[3] although a devastating lahar followed on 30 November 2006. A further summit eruption occurred on 10 August 2008. ^[4]

Mayon Volcano on September 23, 1984

The most destructive eruption of Mayon occurred on February 1, 1814. Lava flowed but not as much compared to the 1766 eruption. Instead, the volcano was belching dark ash and eventually bombarding the town with tephra that buried the town of Cagsawa—only the bell tower of the town's church remained above the new surface. Trees were burned; rivers were certainly damaged. Proximate areas were also devastated by the eruption with ash accumulating to 9 m (30 ft) in depth. 2,200 Albay locals perished in what is considered to be the most lethal eruption in Mayon's history.^[1]

Mayon Volcano's longest uninterrupted eruption occurred on June 23, 1897 which lasted for seven days of raining fire. Lava once again flowed down to civilization. Seven miles eastward, the village of Bacacay was buried 15 m (49 ft) beneath the lava. In Libog, 100 people were declared dead—incinerated by steam and falling debris or hot rocks. Other villages like San Roque, Misericordia and Santo Niño became deathtraps. Ash was carried in black clouds as far as 160 km (100 mi) from the catastrophic event. More than 400 persons were killed.^[1]

Samuel Kneeland, a professor and a geologist had observed the volcanic activity five months before the eruption. Kneeland was amazed with the beauty of Mayon:

“

At night the scene was truly magnificent and unique. At the date of my visit the volcano had poured out...a stream of lava on the Legaspi side from the very summit. The viscid mass bubbled quietly but grandly, and overran the border of the crater, descending several hundred feet in a glowing wave, like red-hot iron. Gradually, fading as the upper surface cooled, it changed to a thousand sparkling rills among the crevices, and, as it passed beyond the line of complete vision behind the woods near the base, the fires twinkled like stars, or the scintillions of a dying conflagration. More than half of the mountain height was thus illuminated.^[1]

”

Mayon Volcano overlooks a peaceful pastoral scene approximately five months before the volcano's violent eruption in September 1984.

No casualties were recorded from the 1984 eruption after more than 73,000 people were evacuated from the danger zones as recommended by scientists of the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology.^[5]

Pyroclastic flows killed 77 people, mainly farmers, in Mayon’s fatal eruption of 1993.

2006 activity

Mayon erupted again from July to October 2006, with no apparent loss of life during the actual eruption period.

On July 18, 2006: The number and size of incandescent rockfalls from the active lava dome, as well as sulfur oxide emissions, increased, according to the Philippines Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs), which warned that pyroclastic flows or an explosive eruption could occur any time.

On August 7, 2006: The Philippine government ordered the evacuation of about 20,000 people living near the volcano, stating that an eruption was feared soon^[6]. Volcanologists have detected 21 low-frequency volcanic earthquakes since early Sunday morning.^[7]

On August 8, 2006: The government expected to move some 34,276 people to 31 state-run shelters and warned that the mountain could explode at any time. ^[8]^[9]

Mayon Volcano as seen from space.

On August 9, 2006: Volcanologists warned that Mount Mayon could explode at any time but that the gravitational pull of a full moon could provide the final push. A full moon coincided with at least three of Mayon’s nearly 50 explosions over the last four centuries, including the two most recent in 2000 and 2001. Nearly 40,000 people have been moved from an 8 km (5 mi) danger zone on the southeast flank of the volcano, which has been quaking and spitting plumes of ash since July.^[10]

On August 10, 2006: Scientists in the Philippines renewed warnings of a major explosion at the Mount Mayon volcano, describing a sudden period of quiet as "ominous". A drop in gas emissions and earthquakes sparked fears that the crater had plugged itself, increasing the likelihood of an explosive eruption. ^[11]

On August 11, 2006: Scientists said ground surveys showed Mayon was still "swollen" and registered a high number of volcanic earthquakes, emitted large amounts of sulfur dioxide gas and continued to eject lava down its slope nearly four weeks after it came to life in a "quiet" eruption on July 14.^[12] Phivolcs maintained threat level at Alert Level 4 for the next month due to the continued extrusion of lava, ash explosions, steam and smoke plumes, seismic activity, and threat of further eruption.

On September 11, 2006 Phivolcs downgraded threat level to Alert Level 3. "After the ash explosion of 01 September, a general decline in the overall activity of Mayon has been established. The decrease in key parameters such as seismicity, gas (Sulfur Dioxide) emission rates and ground inflation all indicate a waning condition. The slowdown in the eruptive activity is also evident from the decrease in intensity of crater glow and the diminishing volume of lava being extruded from the summit". ^[13]

On October 3, 2006 Phivolcs downgraded threat level to Alert Level 2. "All monitored key parameters such as earthquake levels, ground deformation and gas outputs further declined. In addition, lava extrusion apparently ceased on 01 October 2006 as reported by Ligñon Hill Observatory. The above observations indicate the absence of an intruding new mass of magma." ^[14]

On October 25, 2006 Phivolcs downgraded threat level to Alert Level 1 (no hazardous eruption imminent). ^[15]

Phivolcs did not issue any further alerts or updates for Mayon in November or December 2006.

Devastating aftermath

On November 30, 2006, Typhoon Durian caused mudslides of volcanic ash and boulders from the slopes of Mayon Volcano, killing an estimated 1,000 and covering a large portion of the village of Padang (an outer suburb of Legazpi City) in mud up to the houses' roofs.^[16]^[17]

The number of dead was estimated at around 1000, about half the death toll of the 1814 eruption. The precise figure may never be known since many people were buried under the lahars, and entire villages disappeared.

Parts of Daraga were also devastated, including the Cagsawa area, where the ruins from the eruption of 1814 were partially buried once again. Large areas of Guinobatan were destroyed, particularly Maipon.

Students from Aquinas University in Barangay Rawis of Legazpi City were among those killed as mudslides engulfed their dormitory. Central Legazpi escaped the mudslide but suffered from severe flooding and power cuts.

2008 Eruption

On 10 August 2008, a summit explosion ejected ash 200 metres above the summit, with the ash drifting ENE. In the weeks prior to the eruption, there was a visible glow within the crater, and increased seismicity. ^[18]

Current activity

On 10 July 2009, PHIVOLCS issued the following bulletin:

This is a notice for the raising of Mayon Volcano’s status from Alert Level 1 (low level unrest) to Alert Level 2 (moderate unrest).

Beginning June 2009 monitored parameters indicated an increase in the current activity of Mayon Volcano. The number of recorded low frequency volcanic earthquakes rose to a higher level signifying possible movement of magma beneath the volcano edifice at shallow depth. The present seismic count is at the same level when a phreatic explosion occurred last August 2008. Ground uplift of about one centimeter was measured by Precise Leveling Survey conducted last June 15-22, 2009 and the uplift was sustained during a re-survey yesterday, July 9, 2009. Glow at the summit crater has intensified and could now be observed at Lignon Hill Observatory without the aid of telescopes. Steam emission was at moderate level.

Aerial survey conducted last July 08, 2009, showed a cone-shaped pile of hot, steaming old rocks, possibly remnants from previous eruptions which could be the source of the glow at the crater. The low frequency volcanic earthquakes and ground uplift could indicate that fresh volcanic materials are moving upward at depth, causing the formation of the cone-shaped pile of materials at the crater.

Because of the above observations, PHIVOLCS is now raising the Alert status of Mayon Volcano from Alert Level 1 to Alert Level 2. This alert condition signifies, a state of unrest which could lead to ash explosions or eventually to hazardous magmatic eruption. Thus, at Alert Level 2, PHIVOLCS strongly recommends that the 6-km radius Permanent Danger Zone (PDZ) around the volcano and the 7-km Extended Danger Zone (EDZ) on the southeast flank of the volcano are off-limits due to the threat from sudden explosions and rockfalls from the upper slopes. Active river channels and those areas perennially identified as lahar prone in the southeast sector should also be avoided especially during bad weather conditions or when there is heavy and prolonged rainfall. ^[19]

On 20 July 2009 National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) executive officer Glenn Rabonza issued a memorandum ordering regional and provincial disaster management agencies to closely monitor Mayon and Taal volcanoes.

"You are hereby directed to undertake monitoring and precautionary measures in your areas of responsibility. The public and the Disaster Coordinating Council concerned are advised to take appropriate actions and to be on alert for any development," the memorandum said.

Based on the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) alert levels chart for Mayon, Alert Level 1 is hoisted when there is a slight increase in seismicity and sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas output above the background level and when a very faint glow of the crater may occur but no conclusive evidence of magma ascent. At this stage, there is no danger of imminent eruption, but people are not allowed to enter the 6-km radius permanent danger zone (PDZ). ^[20]

Gallery

Mount Mayon (1926)	Mount Mayon on June 27, 1928, looming above Legaspi	Mount Mayon in eruption on July 21, 1928.	Mount Mayon 2004
Mount Mayon. Uploaded 9/2006.	Mount Mayon from Legaspi airport. Uploaded 10/2006.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Davis, Lee (1992). Natural disasters: from the Black Plague to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. New York, NY: Facts on File Inc.. pp. 300–301.
^ ^a ^b "Mayon Volcano, Philippines". Philippines Department of Tourism. Volcano.und.edu. http://volcano.und.edu/vwdocs/current_volcs/philippines/mayonvol.html. ^{[dead link]}
^ *Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Mayon Volcano Page
^ Phivolcs Mayon Update
^ USGS^{[dead link]}
^ BBC: Philippine volcano 'set to erupt'^{[dead link]}.
^ National Geographic: Photo in the News: Philippine Volcano Threatens Eruption^{[dead link]}
^ Manila Standard: 34,000 flee Mayon area; Manila Bulletin: Mayon volcano records 3 additional ash explosions
^ Mayon volcano's lava lights up the clouds near Legazpi City
^ "Full moon fear for Mayon volcano". BBC News. March 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/5258806.stm. Retrieved 2008-08-29.
^ 'Ominous quiet' at Mayon volcano BBC News.
^ Relief goods arrive amid wait for Mayon’s big bang(archived from the original on 2007-03-11) Associated Press
^ Mayon Volcano Bulletin 09/11/2006^{[dead link]}
^ Mayon Volcano Bulletin 10/03/2006^{[dead link]}
^ Mayon Volcano Bulletin 10/25/2006^{[dead link]}
^ Typhoon sends red-hot boulders into villages - CNN.com (archived from the original on 2008-01-25).
^ http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap//ap_on_re_as/asia_storm^{[dead link]}
^ [1]
^ Mayon Volcano Advisory
^ http://www.gmanews.tv/story/167851/NDCC-orders-close-watch-on-Mayon-Taal-volcanoes

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Mayon Volcano

Philippines National Disaster Coordinating Council has Mt Mayon updates
Climbing Mayon Volcano
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) Mayon Volcano Page
NASA Earth Observatory page
Majestic Mt. Mayon - Cagsawa Ruin Park – images by Jenny Exconde.
Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program - Mayon
Mayon Volcano Natural Park
Mayon Volcano – Philippines Travel Guide.
new7wonders of nature^{[dead link]} - new seven wonders of nature.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayon_Volcano"

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E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial

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This article is about the film. For the term "E.T.", see ET. For the video games based on the movie, see E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial in video games.

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial
original 1982 theatrical poster by John Alvin^[1]
Directed by	Steven Spielberg
Produced by	Steven Spielberg Kathleen Kennedy
Written by	Melissa Mathison
Starring	Henry Thomas Dee Wallace Robert MacNaughton Drew Barrymore Peter Coyote
Music by	John Williams
Cinematography	Allen Daviau
Editing by	Carol Littleton
Distributed by	Universal Pictures
Release date(s)	June 11, 1982
Running time	Theatrical version: 115 minutes 2002 re-release: 120 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	US$10,500,000 (est.)^[2]
Gross revenue	$792,910,554^[3]

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial is a 1982 American science fiction film co-produced and directed by Steven Spielberg, written by Melissa Mathison and starring Henry Thomas, Robert MacNaughton, Drew Barrymore, and Dee Wallace. It tells the story of Elliott (played by Thomas), a lonely boy who befriends a friendly extraterrestrial, dubbed "E.T.", who is stranded on Earth. Elliott and his siblings help the extraterrestrial return home while attempting to keep it hidden from their mother and the government.

The concept for E.T. was based on an imaginary friend Spielberg created after his parents' divorce. In 1980, Spielberg met Mathison and developed a new story from the stalled science fiction/horror film project Night Skies. The film was shot from September to December 1981 in California on a budget of US$10.5 million. Unlike most motion pictures, the film was shot in roughly chronological order, to facilitate convincing emotional performances from the young cast.

Released by Universal Pictures, E.T. was a blockbuster, surpassing Star Wars to become the most financially successful film released to that point. Critics acclaimed it as a timeless story of friendship, and it ranks as the best science fiction film ever made in a Rotten Tomatoes survey. The film was rereleased in 1985, and then again in 2002 with altered special effects and additional scenes. Spielberg believes E.T. epitomizes his work.^{[not in citation given]}^[4]

[hide]

Plot

The film opens in a California forest as a group of alien botanists collect vegetation samples. U.S. government agents appear and the aliens flee in their spaceship, leaving one of their own behind in their haste. The scene shifts to a suburban California home, where a boy named Elliott (Henry Thomas) plays servant to his older brother, Michael (Robert MacNaughton), and his friends (K. C. Martel, Sean Frye and C. Thomas Howell). As he fetches pizza, Elliott discovers the stranded alien, who promptly flees. Despite his family's disbelief, Elliott leaves Reese's Pieces candy in the forest to lure it into his bedroom. Before he goes to bed, Elliott notices the alien imitating his movements.

Elliott feigns illness the next morning to avoid school so he can play with the alien. That afternoon, Michael and their younger sister, Gertie (Drew Barrymore), meet the alien. Their mother, Mary (Dee Wallace), hears the noise and comes upstairs. Michael, Gertie and the alien hide in the closet while Elliott assures his mother that everything is all right. Michael and Gertie promise to keep the alien a secret from their mother. Deciding to keep the alien, the children begin to ask it about its origin. It answers by levitating balls to represent its solar system, and further demonstrates its powers by reviving a dead plant.

At school the next day, Elliott begins to experience a psychic connection with the alien. Elliott becomes irrational due partly to the alien's intoxication from drinking beer. Elliott then begins freeing all the frogs from a dissection class. As the alien watches John Wayne kiss Maureen O'Hara in The Quiet Man, Elliott's psychic link causes him to kiss a girl (Erika Eleniak) he likes in the same manner.

Makeshift communicator used by E.T. to phone home

The alien learns to speak English by repeating what Gertie says in response to her watching Sesame Street and, through Elliott's urging, dubs itself as "E.T." It enlists Elliott's help in building a device to "phone home" by using a Speak & Spell toy. Michael starts to notice that E.T.'s health is declining and that Elliott is referring to himself as "we." On Halloween, Michael and Elliott dress E.T. as a ghost so they can sneak it out of the house. Elliott and E.T. ride a bicycle to the forest, where E.T. makes a successful call home. The next morning, Elliott wakes up to find E.T. gone, and returns home to his distressed family. Michael finds E.T. dying in the forest, and takes the alien to Elliott, who is also dying. Mary becomes frightened when she discovers her son's illness and the dying alien, before government agents invade the house.

Scientists set up a medical facility in the house, quarantining Elliott and E.T. The link between E.T. and Elliott disappears as E.T. appears to die. Elliott is left alone with the motionless alien when he notices a dead flower, the plant E.T. had previously revived, coming back to life. E.T. reanimates and reveals that its people are returning. Elliott and Michael steal a van that E.T. had been loaded into and a chase ensues, with Michael's friends joining Elliott and E.T. as they attempt to evade the authorities by bicycle. Suddenly facing a dead-end, they escape as E.T. uses telekinesis to lift them into the air and toward the forest. Standing near the spaceship, E.T.'s heart glows as it prepares to return home. Mary, Gertie and "Keys" (Peter Coyote), a government agent, show up. E.T. says goodbye to Michael and Gertie, and before entering the spaceship, tells Elliott "I'll be right here," pointing its glowing finger to Elliott's heart. E.T. then picks up the flower pot Gertie gave him, walks into the spaceship, and takes off, leaving a rainbow in the sky.

Cast

From left: Henry Thomas as Elliott, Drew Barrymore as Gertie, and Robert MacNaughton as Michael

Henry Thomas as Elliott, a lonely ten-year-old boy. Elliott longs for a good friend, whom he finds in E.T. Elliott adopts the stranded alien and they form a mental, physical, and emotional bond.
Robert MacNaughton as Michael, Elliott's football-playing 16-year-old brother who often picks on him.
Drew Barrymore as Gertie, Elliott's mischievous seven-year-old sister. She is sarcastic and initially terrified of E.T., but grows to love the alien.
Dee Wallace-Stone as Mary, the children's mother, recently separated from her husband. She is mostly oblivious to the alien's presence in her household.
Peter Coyote as "Keys", a government agent so dubbed because of the key rings that prominently hang from his belt. He tells Elliott that he has waited to see an alien since the age of ten.
K. C. Martel, Sean Frye and C. Thomas Howell as Greg, Steve and Tyler, Michael's friends. They help Elliott and E.T. evade the authorities during the film's climax.
Erika Eleniak as the young girl Elliott kisses in class.

Spielberg auditioned more than 300 children for the roles.^[5] Having worked with Cary Guffey on Close Encounters of the Third Kind, he felt confident in working with a cast composed mostly of child actors, rather than young adults.^[6] Robert Fisk suggested Henry Thomas for the role of Elliott.^[7] Thomas, who auditioned in an Indiana Jones costume, did not perform well in the formal testing, but got the filmmakers' attention in an improvised scene.^[6] Thoughts of his dead dog inspired his convincing tears.^[8] MacNaughton auditioned eight times to play Michael, sometimes with boys auditioning for Elliott. Spielberg felt Drew Barrymore had the right imagination for the film after she impressed him with a story that she led a punk rock band.^[7] Spielberg enjoyed working with the children, noting that the experience made him feel ready to become a father.^[9]

The major voice work for E.T. was performed by Pat Welsh, an elderly woman who lived in Marin County, California. Welsh smoked two packets of cigarettes a day, which gave her voice a quality that sound effects creator Ben Burtt liked. She spent nine-and-a-half hours recording her part, and was paid $380 by Burtt for her services.^[10] Burtt also recorded 16 other people and various animals to create E.T.'s "voice". These included Spielberg; Debra Winger; Burtt's sleeping wife, who had a cold; a burp from his USC film professor; and raccoons, sea otters and horses.^[11]^[12] Burtt would later go on to provide the voice for the main character in Wall-E. The character's form of speaking has a similarity to E.T.

Doctors working at the USC Medical Center were recruited to play the doctors who try to save E.T. after government agents take over Elliott's home. Spielberg felt that actors in the roles, performing lines of highly technical medical dialogue, would come across as unnatural.^[9] During post-production, Spielberg decided to cut a scene featuring Harrison Ford as Elliott's principal. The scene featured Elliott being reprimanded for his behavior in science class, and saw Elliott's chair being levitated while E.T. was levitating his "phone" equipment up the staircase with Gertie.^[7]

Production

After his parents' divorce in 1960, Spielberg filled the void with an imaginary alien companion. Spielberg said that E.T. was "a friend who could be the brother I never had and a father that I didn't feel I had anymore."^[13] During 1978, Spielberg announced he would shoot a film entitled Growing Up, which he would film in 28 days. The project was set aside because of delays on 1941, but the concept of making a small autobiographical film about childhood would stay with Spielberg.^[10] He also thought about a follow-up to Close Encounters of the Third Kind, and began to develop a darker project he had planned with John Sayles called Night Skies in which malevolent aliens terrorize a family.^[10]

Filming Raiders of the Lost Ark in Tunisia left Spielberg bored, and memories of his childhood creation resurfaced.^[14] He told screenwriter Melissa Mathison about Night Skies, and developed a subplot from the failed project, in which Buddy, the only friendly alien, befriends an autistic child. Buddy's abandonment on Earth in the script's final scene inspired the E.T. concept.^[14] Mathison wrote a first draft titled E.T. and Me in eight weeks,^[14] which Spielberg considered perfect.^[7] The script went through two more drafts, which deleted an "Eddie Haskell"-esque friend of Elliott. The chase sequence was also created, and Spielberg also suggested having the scene where E.T. got drunk.^[10] Columbia Pictures, which had been producing Night Skies, met Spielberg to discuss the script. The studio passed on it, calling it "a wimpy Walt Disney movie", so Spielberg approached the more receptive Sid Sheinberg, president of MCA.^[15]

Ed Verreaux created a $700,000 prototype for E.T., which Spielberg deemed useless.^[10] Carlo Rambaldi, who designed the aliens for Close Encounters of the Third Kind, was hired to design the animatronics of E.T. Rambaldi's own painting Women of Delta led him to give the creature a unique, extendable neck.^[7] The creature's face was inspired by the faces of Carl Sandburg, Albert Einstein and Ernest Hemingway.^[16] Producer Kathleen Kennedy visited the Jules Stein Eye Institute to study real and glass eyeballs. She hired Institute staffers to create E.T.'s eyes, which she felt were particularly important in engaging the audience.^[6] Four E.T. heads were created for filming, one as the main animatronic and the others for facial expressions, as well as a costume.^[16] Two dwarfs, Tamara De Treaux and Pat Bilon,^[10] as well as 12-year-old Matthew De Meritt, who was born without legs,^[17] took turns wearing the costume, depending on what scene was being filmed.^[7] Caprice Roth, a professional mime, filled prosthetics to play E.T.'s hands.^[6] The finished creature was created in three months at the cost of $1.5 million.^[18] Spielberg declared it was "something that only a mother could love."^[7] Mars, Incorporated found E.T. so ugly that the company refused to allow M&M's to be used in the film, believing the creature would frighten children. This allowed the Hershey Company the opportunity to market Reese's Pieces.^[19]

E.T. began shooting in September 1981.^[20] The project was filmed under the cover name A Boy's Life, as Spielberg did not want anyone to discover and plagiarize the plot. The actors had to read the script behind closed doors, and everyone on set had to wear an ID card.^[6] The shoot began with two days at a high school in Culver City, and the crew spent the next 11 days moving between locations at Northridge and Tujunga.^[10] The house scenes were shot in Lonzo Street. The next 42 days were spent at Laird International Studios in Culver City, for the interiors of Elliott's home. The crew shot at a redwood forest near Crescent City for the last six days of production.^[10]^[14] Spielberg shot the film in roughly chronological order to achieve convincingly emotional performances from his cast. In the scene in which Michael first encounters the alien, the creature's appearance caused MacNaughton to jump back and knock down the shelves behind him. The chronological shoot gave the young actors an emotional experience as they bonded with E.T., making the hospital sequences more moving.^[9] Spielberg ensured the puppeteers kept away from the set to maintain the illusion of a real alien. For the first time in his career, he did not storyboard most of the film, in order to facilitate spontaneity in the performances.^[20] The film was shot so adults, except for Dee Wallace, are never seen from the waist up in the first half of the film, as a tribute to the cartoons of Tex Avery.^[7] The shoot was completed in 61 days, four days ahead of schedule.^[14]

Longtime Spielberg collaborator John Williams composed the musical score for E.T. Williams described his challenge as creating a score that would generate sympathy for such an odd-looking creature. As with their previous collaborations, Spielberg liked every theme Williams composed and had it included. Spielberg loved the music for the final chase so much that he edited the sequence to suit it.^[21]

Themes

Spielberg drew the story of E.T. from the divorce of his own parents;^[22] Gary Arnold of The Washington Post called the film "essentially a spiritual autobiography, a portrait of the filmmaker as a typical suburban kid set apart by an uncommonly fervent, mystical imagination".^[23] References to Spielberg's childhood occur throughout: Elliott feigns illness by holding his thermometer to a light bulb while covering his face with a heating pad, a trick frequently employed by the young Spielberg.^[24] Michael's picking on Elliott echoes Spielberg's teasing of his younger sisters,^[7] and Michael's evolution from tormentor to protector reflects how Spielberg had to take care of his sisters after their father left.^[9]

Critics have focused on the parallels between the life of E.T. and Elliott, who is "alienated" by the loss of his father.^[25]^[26] A.O. Scott of The New York Times wrote that while E.T. "is the more obvious and desperate foundling", Elliott "suffers in his own way from the want of a home"^[27] (coincidentally, E.T. is the first and last letter of Eliott's name).^[28] At the film's heart is the theme of growing up. Critic Henry Sheehan described the film as a retelling of Peter Pan from the perspective of a Lost Boy (Elliott): E.T. cannot survive physically on Earth, as Pan could not survive emotionally in Neverland; government scientists take the place of Neverland’s pirates.^[29] Vincent Canby of The New York Times similarly observed that the film "freely recycles elements from [...] Peter Pan and The Wizard of Oz".^[30] Some critics have suggested that Spielberg's portrayal of suburbia is very dark, contrary to popular belief. According to A.O. Scott, "The suburban milieu, with its unsupervised children and unhappy parents, its broken toys and brand-name junk food, could have come out of a Raymond Carver story."^[27] Charles Taylor of Salon.com wrote, "Spielberg's movies, despite the way they're often characterized, are not Hollywood idealizations of families and the suburbs. The homes here bear what the cultural critic Karal Ann Marling called 'the marks of hard use'."^[22]

Spielberg admitted this scene triggered speculation as to whether the film was a religious parable.^[31]

Other critics found religious parallels between E.T. and Jesus.^[32]^[33] Andrew Nigels described the story of E.T. as "crucifixion by military science" and "resurrection by love and faith".^[34] According to Spielberg biographer Joseph McBride, Universal Pictures appealed directly to the Christian market, with a poster reminiscent of Michelangelo's Creation of Adam and a logo reading "Peace".^[14] Spielberg answered that he did not intend the film to be a religious parable, joking, "If I ever went to my mother and said, 'Mom, I've made this movie that's a Christian parable,' what do you think she'd say? She has a kosher restaurant on Pico and Doheny in Los Angeles."^[31]

As a substantial body of film criticism has built up around E.T., numerous writers have analyzed the film in other ways as well. E.T. has been interpreted as a modern fairy tale^[35] and in psychoanalytic terms.^[26]^[35] Producer Kathleen Kennedy noted that an important theme of E.T. is tolerance, which would be central to future Spielberg films such as Schindler's List.^[7] Having been a loner as a teenager, Spielberg described the film as "a minority story".^[36] Spielberg's characteristic theme of communication is partnered with the ideal of mutual understanding: he has suggested that the story's central alien-human friendship is an analogy for how real-world adversaries can learn to overcome their differences.^[37]

Reception

E.T. was previewed in Houston, Texas, where it received high marks from viewers.^[14] The film premiered at the closing gala of the 1982 Cannes Film Festival,^[38]^[39] and was released in the United States on June 11, 1982. It opened at number one with a gross of $11 million, and stayed at the top of the box office for six weeks. It fluctuated between the first and second positions until January. By the end of its theatrical run, it had grossed $359.2 million in the United States and Canada.^[40] Spielberg earned $500,000 a day from his share of the profits.^[41]^[42] The Hershey Company's profits rose 65% due to the film's prominent use of Reese's Pieces.^[19] The film was rereleased on July 19, 1985,^[43] and grossed $40 million domestically.^[2] E.T. was released on VHS and laserdisc on October 27, 1988; to combat piracy, the videocassettes were colored green.^[8] In North America alone, VHS sales came to $75 million.^[44]

Spielberg with President Ronald Reagan and Nancy Reagan, fans of the film, in 1986

Critics acclaimed E.T. as a classic. Roger Ebert wrote, "This is not simply a good movie. It is one of those movies that brush away our cautions and win our hearts."^[38] Michael Sragow of Rolling Stone called Spielberg "a space age Jean Renoir... [F]or the first time, [he] has put his breathtaking technical skills at the service of his deepest feelings."^[45] Leonard Maltin called it the best film of the year.^[46] George Will was one of the few to pan the film, feeling it spread subversive notions about childhood and science.^[47]

There were allegations that the film was plagiarized from a 1967 script, The Alien, by celebrated Bengali director Satyajit Ray. Ray stated, "E.T. would not have been possible without my script of The Alien being available throughout the United States in mimeographed copies." Spielberg denied this claim, stating, "I was a kid in high school when his script was circulating in Hollywood."^[48]

E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial holds a 98% "fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, making it the best reviewed science fiction film on the site.^[49] It has a Metacritic score of 94, categorized by the website as "universal acclaim".^[50] In addition to the many impressed critics, President Ronald Reagan and first lady Nancy Reagan were moved by the film after a screening at the White House on June 27, 1982.^[42] Princess Diana was in tears after watching the film.^[7] On September 17, 1982, the film was screened at the United Nations, and Spielberg received the U.N. Peace Medal.^[51]

The film was nominated for nine Oscars at the 55th Academy Awards, including Best Picture. Gandhi won that award, but its director, Richard Attenborough, declared, "I was certain that not only would E.T. win, but that it should win. It was inventive, powerful, [and] wonderful. I make more mundane movies."^[52] It won four Academy Awards—Best Original Music Score, Sound, Sound Effects Editing and Visual Effects. At the Golden Globes, the film won Best Picture in the Drama category and Best Score; it was also nominated for Best Director, Best Screenplay and Best New Male Star for Henry Thomas. The Los Angeles Film Critics Association awarded the film Best Picture, Best Director and a "New Generation Award" for Melissa Mathison.^[53] The film won Saturn Awards for Best Science Fiction Film, Best Writing, Best Special Effects, Best Music and Best Poster Art, while Henry Thomas, Robert McNaughton, and Drew Barrymore won Young Artist Awards. In addition to his Golden Globe and Saturn, composer John Williams won a Grammy and a BAFTA for the score. E.T. was also honored abroad: the film won the Best Foreign Language Film award at the Blue Ribbon in Japan, Cinema Writers Circle Awards in Spain, César Awards in France, and David di Donatello in Italy.^[54]

Empire called Elliott and E.T.'s flight to the forest the most magical moment in cinema.^[55]

In American Film Institute polls, E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial has been voted the 24th greatest film of all time,^[56] the 44th most thrilling,^[57] and the sixth most uplifting.^[58] Other AFI polls rated it as having the 14th greatest music score^[59] and as the third greatest science-fiction film.^[60] The line "E.T. phone home" was ranked 15th on AFI's 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes list,^[61] and 48th on Premiere's top movie quote list.^[62] In 2005, the film topped a Channel 4 poll of the 100 greatest family films,^[63] and was also listed by Time as one of the 100 best films ever made.^[64] In 2003, Entertain

DARYL

Sun, 23 Aug 2009 12:31:52 +0100

D.A.R.Y.L.

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D.A.R.Y.L.

Promotional movie poster for the film

Directed by Simon Wincer

Produced by John Heyman
Burtt Harris
Gabrielle Kelly

Written by Allan Scott
David Ambrose
Jeffrey Ellis

Starring Barret Oliver
Mary Beth Hurt
Michael McKean
Danny Corkill

Music by Marvin Hamlisch

Cinematography Frank Watts

Editing by Adrian Carr

Distributed by Paramount Pictures

Release date(s) United States:
June 14, 1985
Australia:
January 9, 1986

Running time 99 min.

Country United States/
United Kingdom

Language English

D.A.R.Y.L. is a 1985 science fiction film which was written by David Ambrose, Allan Scott and Jeffrey Ellis. It was directed by Simon Wincer and stars Barret Oliver, Mary Beth Hurt, Michael McKean, Danny Corkill and Josef Sommer. The original music score was composed by Marvin Hamlisch.

Plot

"Daryl" (whose name is an acronym for "Data-Analysing Robot Youth Lifeform") (Barret Oliver) is an experiment in Artificial Intelligence, created by the government. Although physically indistinguishable from an ordinary ten-year-old boy, his brain is actually a supersophisticated microcomputer with several unique capabilities. These include exceptional reflexes, superhuman multitasking ability, and the ability to "hack" other computer systems. The D.A.R.Y.L. experiment was funded by the military, with the intention of producing a "super-soldier". One of the original scientists has misgivings about the experiment and decides to free Daryl, but is killed in the process.

Daryl is found by an elderly couple and taken to an orphanage. He does not remember who or what he is. Though a normal pre-adolescent boy in most aspects, Daryl begins to exhibit extraordinary talents after he goes to live with foster parents Joyce (Mary Beth Hurt) and Andy Richardson (Michael McKean), including uncanny abilities at baseball, interaction with ATMs, and in playing video games. He is also introduced to the neighbors of the Richardsons: Howie (Steve Ryan) and Elaine Fox (Colleen Camp) and their children Sherie (Amy Linker) and Turtle (Danny Corkill). As Daryl was raised in isolation, his social skills are quite limited. His friend Turtle, who is unusually vulgar and obnoxious even for a ten-year-old boy, helps him develop them.

However, just as the Richardsons have truly begun to form a bond with Daryl, their new-found happiness is shattered when the Government finds and returns him to the facility where he was created. Once there, his memory is restored and he is debriefed on the lessons he learned during his time with the Richardsons. Notable lessons include his decision to strike out at a baseball game, because "under certain conditions [relating with others], error was more efficient than maximum performance", and his subjective preference for chocolate over vanilla ice cream. Because Daryl has revealed a capacity for human emotions (including fear), the D.A.R.Y.L. experiment is considered a failure by the military and the decision is made that the project be "terminated". Dr. Stewart (Josef Sommer), one of Daryl's designers, decides to free Daryl so he can return to the Richardson family. Unfortunately, despite the cooperation of Dr. Lamb (Kathryn Walker) in the escape, who was originally skeptical about Daryl's humanity and had alerted the military to Daryl's continued existence, they do not get away cleanly. When asked by the military to justify her complicity, Dr. Lamb offers a reformulation of the Turing Test: "General, a machine becomes human ... when you can't tell the difference anymore.", implying that she is no longer certain that Daryl is not human.

Daryl and Dr. Stewart escape the first wave of pursuers, thanks to Daryl's advanced driving skills, apparently acquired through playing the F1 Pole Position videogame and watching a driving stuntman on television. However, when passing two police roadblocks, the Dr. Stewart is mortally wounded by a police officer. With his dying words, he assures Daryl that he is indeed a real person. Continuing his escape, Daryl infiltrates a nearby airbase and steals an SR-71 Blackbird. After being warned that the plane will be blown up mid-flight by the U.S.A.F. using a self-destruct mechanism (as their missiles cannot intercept it), Daryl ejects at the last moment, faking his own destruction. The ejection knocks him unconscious and his parachute falls into a lake, causing him to drown and show no signs of life. In the hospital, Dr. Lamb finds him and reactivates his electronic brain, restoring him to life. Officially dead, Daryl is free to run back to his foster family, and he is reunited with the Richardsons.

Cast

Mary Beth Hurt ... Joyce Richardson
Michael McKean ... Andy Richardson
Kathryn Walker ... Ellen Lamb
Colleen Camp ... Elaine Fox
Josef Sommer ... Dr. Jeffrey Stewart
Ron Frazier ... General Graycliffe
Steve Ryan ... Howie Fox
David Wohl ... Mr. Nesbitt
Danny Corkill ... Turtle Fox
Amy Linker ... Sherie Lee Fox
Barret Oliver ... Daryl
Ed L. Grady ... Mr. Bergen
Tucker McGuire ... Mrs. Bergen
Richard Hammatt ... Dr. Mulligan

Former Dallas, Texas indie-rock band [DARYL] got their name from the film.

External links

D.A.R.Y.L. at the Internet Movie Database
D.A.R.Y.L. at Allmovie

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DARYL

D.A.R.Y.L.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Plot

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